DEMOCRACY 3 ACHIEVEMENT GUIDE FREE
From the mid-1800s, the Voortrekkers coalesced in two land-locked white-ruled republics, the South African Republic (Transvaal) and the Orange Free State. From the port of Durban, Natal settlers pushed northwards, further and further into the land of the Zulu. Throughout the 1800s, the boundaries of European influence spread eastwards. As the colony prospered, the political rights of the various races were guaranteed, with slavery being abolished in 1838.
This temporary disruption of life on the Highveld served to facilitate the expansion northwards of the original Dutch settlers’ descendants, the Boer Voortrekkers, from the 1830s. Substantial states, such as Moshoeshoe’s Lesotho and other Sotho-Tswana chiefdoms were established. As splinter Zulu groups conquered and absorbed communities in their path, the region experienced a fundamental disruption. In the 1820s, the celebrated Zulu leader, Shaka, established sway over a vast area of south-east Africa. In 1795, the British occupied the Cape as a strategic base against the French, controlling the sea route to the East. A century of intermittent warfare ensued during which the colonists gained ascendancy over the isiXhosa-speaking chiefdoms. The first British Settlers, known as the 1820 Settlers, arrived in Algoa Bay (now Nelson Mandela Bay) on board 21 ships, the first being the Chapman. They numbered about 4 500 and included artisans, tradesmen, religious leaders, merchants, teachers, bookbinders, blacksmiths, discharged sailors and soldiers, professional men and farmers.įrom the 1770s, colonists came into contact and inevitable conflict with Bantu-speaking chiefdoms some 800 km east of Cape Town. Shortly after the establishment of the colony, slaves were imported from East Africa, Madagascar and the East Indies. Created to supply passing ships with fresh produce, the colony grew rapidly as Dutch farmers settled to grow crops. The first European settlement in southern Africa was established by the Dutch East India Company in Table Bay (Cape Town) in 1652. At several archaeological sites there is evidence of sophisticated political and material cultures. Spreading from the eastern lowlands to the Highveld. At this time, Bantu-speaking agropastoralists began arriving in southern Africa, Some 2 000 years ago, the Khoekhoen (the Hottentots of early European terminology) were pastoralists who had settled mostly along the coast, while the San (the Bushmen) were huntergatherers spread across the region.
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